Senior Secondary Physics, Chemistry & Biology
Kinematics, Thermodynamics, Photosynthesis & Respiration
97.1%
NCERT coverage
62
Direct matches
38
Semi matches
20
Sensors used
42
Chapters
Sensors used in Class 11
Units and Measurements
SI units, significant figures, errors in measurement, vernier callipers, screw gauge, dimensional analysis
2
activities
Measurement precision with sensors
Sensor-based error analysis: repeated measurements, mean, standard deviation — directly teaches uncertainty concepts
Pendulum period measurement
Measure period of simple pendulum with photogate — significant figures, timing precision, systematic vs random error
Motion in a Straight Line
Position, displacement, velocity, acceleration, kinematic equations, free fall, v-t and x-t graphs, reaction time
4
activities
Match Graph: Kinematics (Physics with Vernier)
Students walk toward/away from motion detector to match x-t and v-t graphs — directly teaches graphical kinematics
Ball Toss (Physics with Vernier)
Toss ball upward, capture x-t, v-t, a-t graphs — free fall, g = 9.8 m/s², kinematic equations verified
Determining g on an Incline (Physics with Vernier)
Cart on inclined track, measure a vs angle — extrapolate to find g; connects to Galileo inclined plane
Reaction Time experiment
Ruler drop experiment quantified with motion sensor — chapter explicitly describes reaction time measurement
Motion in a Plane
Vectors, projectile motion (range, height, time of flight), uniform circular motion, centripetal acceleration
2
activities
Projectile Motion (Physics with Vernier)
Launch projectile, measure initial velocity with photogate, predict range — directly tests trajectory equations
Centripetal Force (Physics with Vernier)
Measure centripetal force vs mass, radius, angular velocity — F = mv²/r verified experimentally
Laws of Motion
Newton's three laws, inertia, F=ma, friction (static/kinetic), impulse, momentum conservation, free body diagrams
4
activities
Newton's Second Law (Physics with Vernier)
Apply known force to cart, measure acceleration — verify F=ma; chapter describes Galileo inclined plane
Static and Kinetic Friction (Physics with Vernier)
Pull block with force sensor, find µs and µk — chapter covers static/kinetic friction coefficients
Impulse and Momentum (Physics with Vernier)
Measure force-time graph during collision, compute impulse = change in momentum
Atwood's Machine (Physics with Vernier)
Unequal masses on pulley, verify a = (m1-m2)g/(m1+m2) — applies Newton's 2nd law to system
Work, Energy and Power
Work done by force, work-energy theorem, KE, PE, conservation of energy, spring PE (½kx²), elastic/inelastic collisions, power
3
activities
Energy of a Tossed Ball (Physics with Vernier)
Track ball toss — compute KE, PE, total energy at each point, verify conservation
Energy in Simple Harmonic Motion (Physics with Vernier)
Spring-mass system: measure x, v — verify KE + PE = constant; chapter covers spring PE = ½kx²
Momentum, Energy and Collisions (Physics with Vernier)
Elastic/inelastic cart collisions — verify KE conservation (elastic) vs loss (inelastic)
System of Particles and Rotational Motion
Centre of mass, torque, angular velocity/acceleration, moment of inertia, rotational KE, angular momentum conservation
3
activities
Rotational Dynamics (Physics with Vernier)
Measure angular acceleration under known torque — verify τ = Iα; compute moment of inertia
Conservation of Angular Momentum
Spinning platform with arms extended/retracted — verify L = Iω = constant
Torque and Equilibrium
Lever arm experiments — measure force at different distances, verify τ = r × F
Gravitation
Kepler's laws, universal gravitation, Cavendish experiment, g variation with altitude/depth, escape velocity, satellites, orbital mechanics
2
activities
Determining g from free fall (Physics with Vernier)
Precisely measure g using free-fall timing — chapter discusses Cavendish and measuring g
Satellite orbital simulation
Circular motion analogy — centripetal acceleration measurement relates to orbital mechanics
Mechanical Properties of Solids
Stress, strain, Hooke's law, Young's modulus, shear modulus, bulk modulus, stress-strain curve, elastic limit, plastic deformation
2
activities
Hooke's Law: Stress and Strain (Physics with Vernier)
Stretch spring/wire, plot F vs x — verify Hooke's law, find spring constant k; chapter details stress-strain experiments
Bungee Jump Accelerations (Physics with Vernier)
Rubber band elasticity — measure force vs extension, hysteresis; connects to elastic deformation concepts
Mechanical Properties of Fluids
Fluid pressure, Pascal's law, Bernoulli's principle, viscosity, Stokes' law, terminal velocity, surface tension, capillarity, barometer, manometer
3
activities
Boyle's Law: Pressure-Volume (Physics with Vernier)
Measure P vs V in syringe — chapter covers atmospheric pressure, gauge pressure, manometer
Flow Rate and Bernoulli's Principle
Measure pressure at different flow points — verify Bernoulli's equation; chapter covers Venturi meter
Viscosity and Terminal Velocity
Sphere falling through viscous fluid — chapter discusses Stokes' law and terminal velocity measurement
Thermal Properties of Matter
Temperature scales, thermal expansion, specific heat, calorimetry, latent heat, Newton's law of cooling, conduction, convection, radiation
5
activities
Newton's Law of Cooling (Physics with Vernier)
Hot water cooling — plot T vs t, verify dT/dt ∝ (T-T₀); chapter explicitly describes this experiment
Specific Heat of a Metal (Physics with Vernier)
Calorimetry: heated metal in water — compute specific heat from Q=mcΔT; chapter covers calorimetry principles
Latent Heat of Fusion/Vaporisation
Ice melting and water boiling — plateau on T-t graph shows latent heat; chapter covers phase change
Thermal Expansion
Measure temperature change of materials — chapter covers linear, area, volume expansion coefficients
Heat of Combustion
Measure temperature rise from burning fuel — connects to heat transfer modes
Thermodynamics
Zeroth/First/Second laws, internal energy, PV work, isothermal/adiabatic/isochoric/isobaric processes, Carnot engine, entropy
2
activities
Gas Law Experiments: P-V-T (Physics with Vernier)
Measure P vs V (isothermal) and P vs T (isochoric) — chapter covers all four thermodynamic processes with P-V diagrams
Work Done by a Gas
Measure P-V curve during compression/expansion — compute W = ∫PdV; chapter derives W = PΔV for isobaric process
Kinetic Theory
Ideal gas equation, Boyle's/Charles'/Gay-Lussac's law, molecular speeds, equipartition of energy, degrees of freedom, mean free path
2
activities
Boyle's Law (Physics with Vernier)
P vs V measurements in sealed syringe — verify PV = constant at constant T; chapter derives P from molecular collisions
Charles' Law: V vs T
Heat sealed gas, measure P vs T — verify Gay-Lussac's law; chapter plots CO₂ pressure vs temperature
Oscillations
SHM: displacement/velocity/acceleration, spring-mass system T=2π√(m/k), simple pendulum T=2π√(L/g), energy in SHM, damped/forced oscillations
3
activities
Simple Harmonic Motion: Mass on a Spring (Physics with Vernier)
Measure x(t) of oscillating mass — verify sinusoidal motion, compute ω, T, A; chapter derives SHM equations in detail
Pendulum Periods (Physics with Vernier)
Measure T vs L for simple pendulum — verify T = 2π√(L/g), determine g; chapter describes Galileo's pendulum observations
Energy in SHM
Track KE and PE during oscillation — verify total energy constant; chapter derives E = ½kA²
Waves
Transverse/longitudinal waves, wave speed on string v=√(T/µ), sound speed, superposition, standing waves, beats, Doppler effect, resonance
4
activities
Speed of Sound (Physics with Vernier)
Measure time delay of sound pulse — compute speed of sound; chapter derives v = √(γP/ρ)
Standing Waves on a String (Physics with Vernier)
Vibrating string — measure fundamental and harmonic frequencies; chapter covers modes λₙ = 2L/n
Resonance Tube: Standing Waves in Air Column
Resonance in open/closed pipes — find resonant frequencies; chapter covers organ pipe harmonics
Beat Frequency
Two tuning forks with slightly different frequencies — measure beat frequency |ν₁−ν₂|; chapter covers beats in detail
Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry
SI units, states of matter, significant figures, laws of chemical combination, atomic/molecular mass, mole concept, stoichiometry, molarity
0
activities
Foundational theory chapter — stoichiometry and mole concept; quantitative skills apply to all subsequent sensor experiments
Structure of Atom
Cathode rays, Rutherford model, Bohr model, spectral lines (Lyman/Balmer/Paschen), quantum numbers, orbitals, electronic configuration
2
activities
Emission Spectra (Chemistry with Vernier)
Observe H emission lines (656, 486, 434, 410 nm) — chapter details Balmer series and energy level transitions
Flame Test (Chemistry with Vernier)
Identify metal ions by emission wavelength — chapter discusses unique spectral fingerprints of elements
Classification of Elements and Periodicity
Periodic table, atomic/ionic radius, ionization enthalpy, electron gain enthalpy, electronegativity trends, metallic character
1
activities
Reactivity of Metals with Acid
Metal + HCl → H₂ gas — compare rates for different metals; chapter discusses metallic character and reactivity trends
Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure
Ionic/covalent bonds, Lewis structures, VSEPR, hybridisation, MO theory, hydrogen bonding, dipole moment, bond parameters
2
activities
Conductivity of Solutions: Ionic vs Covalent
Compare conductivity of ionic vs molecular compounds in solution — relates to bond type and ion formation
Effect of Hydrogen Bonding on Boiling Point
Measure boiling points of related compounds — chapter discusses H-bonding effects on physical properties
Thermodynamics (Chemical)
First law, enthalpy (ΔH), Hess's law, bomb/coffee-cup calorimetry, ΔfH°, ΔcH°, entropy, Gibbs energy, spontaneity
4
activities
Heat of Neutralisation (Chemistry with Vernier)
Mix strong acid + strong base in calorimeter — measure ΔT, compute ΔH; chapter describes calorimetry with q=mcΔT
Heat of Combustion
Burn fuel sample, measure temperature rise — chapter covers bomb calorimetry and ΔcH°
Heat of Solution/Dissolution
Dissolve salts in water — exothermic (NaOH) vs endothermic (NH₄Cl); chapter covers enthalpy of solution
Hess's Law Verification
Multi-step vs single-step reaction — verify ΔH is path-independent; chapter explicitly covers Hess's law
Equilibrium
Chemical equilibrium, Kc/Kp, Le Chatelier's principle, acids/bases (Arrhenius, Brønsted, Lewis), pH, Ka/Kb, buffers, Ksp, common ion effect
5
activities
Acid-Base Titration (Chemistry with Vernier)
Titrate strong/weak acids with NaOH — pH curve; chapter explicitly mentions pH meter and acid-base titrations
Buffer Solutions (Chemistry with Vernier)
Prepare acetate buffer, test pH stability — chapter describes Henderson-Hasselbalch and buffer design
pH of Household Substances
Measure pH of juices, salt solutions — chapter explicitly lists activity: pH of vegetable/fruit juices with pH paper
Le Chatelier's Principle: Temperature Effect
Shift equilibrium by heating/cooling — observe colour/pressure change; chapter covers T effect on K
Conductometric Titration
Monitor conductivity during titration — relates to degree of ionisation, common ion effect discussed in chapter
Redox Reactions
Oxidation numbers, electron transfer, displacement reactions, electrochemical cells, electrode potentials, electrolysis, balancing redox equations
3
activities
Galvanic Cell EMF (Chemistry with Vernier)
Build Zn-Cu galvanic cell, measure EMF — chapter describes Daniell cell and standard electrode potentials
Electrochemistry: Electrolysis
Electrolyse dilute H₂SO₄ — measure current, voltage; chapter covers electrolysis of multiple solutions
Activity Series: Metal Displacement
Zn in CuSO₄ — measure temperature rise and electrode potential; chapter describes competitive electron transfer
Organic Chemistry: Basic Principles
Functional groups, IUPAC nomenclature, isomerism, purification (distillation, chromatography, crystallisation), Lassaigne's test, Kjeldahl/Dumas methods
2
activities
Boiling Point Determination
Measure boiling points of organic liquids during distillation — chapter covers simple, fractional, steam distillation
Paper/Thin-Layer Chromatography
Separate and identify organic compounds by Rf values — chapter describes paper and column chromatography in detail
Hydrocarbons
Alkanes (combustion, halogenation), alkenes (addition reactions, Markovnikov), alkynes, benzene (electrophilic substitution), Baeyer's test, Br₂ test
2
activities
Combustion of Hydrocarbons
Burn alkane/alkene samples — measure CO₂ produced and heat released; chapter covers complete/incomplete combustion
Unsaturation Test: Bromine Water/KMnO₄
Track decolourisation of Br₂ or KMnO₄ by alkenes — chapter describes Baeyer's test and bromine addition
The Living World
Biodiversity, taxonomy, nomenclature, taxonomic hierarchy, systematics, identification and classification
0
activities
Descriptive/conceptual taxonomy chapter — no measurable quantities for sensor-based experiments
Biological Classification
Five kingdoms (Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia), archaebacteria, methanogens, fermentation, lichens as pollution indicators, viruses
2
activities
Yeast Fermentation: CO₂ Production
Monitor CO₂ release during yeast fermentation — chapter discusses yeast producing biogas/ethanol
Effect of Temperature on Microbial Growth
Compare microbial activity at different temperatures — chapter discusses thermoacidophiles in hot springs
Plant Kingdom
Algae, bryophytes, pteridophytes, gymnosperms, angiosperms, alternation of generations, photosynthetic pigments
1
activities
O₂ Production by Aquatic Plants
Measure O₂ evolution from Elodea/algae under light — relates to algal photosynthesis discussed in chapter
Animal Kingdom
Classification by coelom/symmetry/notochord, respiratory organs across phyla, open vs closed circulation, homeotherms vs poikilotherms
1
activities
Body Temperature: Ectotherms vs Endotherms
Compare body temperature of cold-blooded vs warm-blooded organisms — chapter discusses homeothermy vs poikilothermy
Morphology of Flowering Plants
Root/stem/leaf morphology, stomata, transpiration, flower structure, fruit/seed types, dicot vs monocot
1
activities
Transpiration
Measure water loss from leaves — stomatal transpiration discussed in chapter; leaf temperature correlates with transpiration rate
Anatomy of Flowering Plants
Epidermal tissue, stomata/guard cells, vascular tissue (xylem/phloem), Kranz anatomy, cuticle, trichomes
1
activities
Stomatal Response to CO₂ and Light
Measure CO₂ uptake under different light conditions — stomatal opening/closing discussed in chapter
Structural Organisation in Animals
Frog anatomy: digestive, circulatory, respiratory, nervous, excretory systems; 3-chambered heart, poikilotherm, haemoglobin
1
activities
Comparing Respiration Rates
Measure CO₂ output/O₂ consumption of small organisms — chapter discusses pulmonary and cutaneous respiration
Cell: The Unit of Life
Prokaryotic vs eukaryotic cells, plasma membrane, osmosis, mitochondria (ATP), chloroplasts, endomembrane system
2
activities
Osmosis and Diffusion
Measure conductivity changes during osmosis — chapter covers selective permeability, osmosis, active transport
Cell Respiration: O₂ Consumption
Measure O₂ consumption by living cells — chapter discusses mitochondrial aerobic respiration
Biomolecules
Amino acids, proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, enzyme kinetics (Km, Vmax), enzyme activity vs pH and temperature, cofactors
3
activities
Enzyme Activity vs Temperature (Biology with Vernier)
Catalase activity at different temperatures — chapter gives enzyme activity vs temperature curve with optimum ~37°C, denaturation above 40°C
Enzyme Activity vs pH (Biology with Vernier)
Catalase/amylase at different pH — chapter shows bell-shaped pH curve, discusses pepsin (pH 2) vs amylase (pH 7)
Enzyme Kinetics: Substrate Concentration
Vary substrate concentration — measure reaction rate; chapter covers Michaelis-Menten saturation curve
Cell Cycle and Cell Division
Cell cycle phases (G1, S, G2, M), mitosis, meiosis, crossing over, significance of cell division
0
activities
Microscopy-based chapter — cell division observation; no direct sensor-based experiments
Photosynthesis in Higher Plants
Light reactions, Calvin cycle, C3/C4 pathways, chloroplast, pigments, absorption/action spectra, limiting factors (light, CO₂, temperature), Priestley/Ingenhousz experiments
4
activities
Photosynthesis and Respiration: CO₂ Exchange (Biology with Vernier)
Measure CO₂ uptake by leaves in light vs dark — chapter describes Priestley/Ingenhousz and CO₂ as requirement for photosynthesis
O₂ Production by Aquatic Plants (Biology with Vernier)
Measure O₂ evolution from Elodea vs light intensity — chapter shows Engelmann experiment and O₂ bubble counting
Effect of Light Intensity on Photosynthesis
Vary light — measure CO₂ uptake rate; chapter discusses light as limiting factor, saturation at 10% full sunlight
Chlorophyll Chromatography
Separate leaf pigments — absorption spectra; chapter covers chlorophyll a, b, xanthophylls, carotenoids
Respiration in Plants
Glycolysis, fermentation (alcoholic/lactic acid), Krebs cycle, ETS, oxidative phosphorylation, respiratory quotient (RQ), 38 ATP per glucose
4
activities
Cellular Respiration: CO₂ Production (Biology with Vernier)
Measure CO₂ from germinating seeds/peas — chapter covers RQ and CO₂ evolution from aerobic respiration
Aerobic vs Anaerobic Respiration
Compare CO₂ output with/without O₂ — chapter discusses fermentation (net 2 ATP) vs aerobic (38 ATP)
Yeast Fermentation (Biology with Vernier)
Yeast + sugar → CO₂ + ethanol; chapter gives RQ=1 for carbohydrates, discusses yeast dying at 13% alcohol
Respiratory Quotient Measurement
Measure CO₂/O₂ ratio — chapter defines RQ: 1.0 for carbohydrates, 0.7 for fats, 0.9 for proteins
Plant Growth and Development
Meristems, sigmoid growth curve, auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins, ABA (stomatal closure), ethylene (fruit ripening), phototropism
2
activities
Effect of Ethylene on Fruit Ripening: CO₂ Surge
Measure respiratory climacteric of ripening fruit — chapter discusses ethylene-induced respiration rate increase
Seed Germination: O₂ Consumption
Measure O₂ uptake by germinating seeds at different temperatures — chapter discusses growth phases and temperature effects
Breathing and Exchange of Gases
Human respiratory system, breathing mechanism, tidal volume (500 mL), vital capacity, gas exchange by diffusion, O₂-Hb dissociation, CO₂ transport, spirometry
4
activities
Lung Volumes and Capacities (Biology with Vernier)
Measure TV, IRV, ERV, VC — chapter gives exact values: TV 500 mL, IRV 2500-3000, ERV 1000-1100, RV 1100-1200
Effect of Exercise on Breathing Rate
Compare tidal volume and breathing rate before/after exercise — chapter discusses regulation by CO₂/H⁺ chemosensors
CO₂ in Exhaled Air (Biology with Vernier)
Compare CO₂ in inhaled vs exhaled air — chapter gives partial pressure data: alveolar CO₂ = 40 mmHg
O₂ Consumption During Exercise
Measure O₂ in inhaled vs exhaled air — chapter gives pO₂: atmospheric 159, alveolar 104, tissue 40 mmHg
Body Fluids and Circulation
Blood composition (plasma, RBC, WBC, platelets), ABO/Rh groups, cardiac cycle (0.8s), heart sounds, ECG (P-QRS-T), stroke volume 70 mL, BP 120/80
4
activities
EKG Recording (Biology with Vernier)
Record P-wave, QRS complex, T-wave — chapter explicitly describes ECG procedure and wave interpretation
Heart Rate and Exercise (Biology with Vernier)
Measure heart rate at rest and during exercise — chapter gives normal rate 70-75 bpm, discusses ANS regulation
Blood Pressure Measurement
Monitor BP changes with position/exercise — chapter defines normal 120/80, hypertension threshold 140/90
Cardiac Output Estimation
Calculate CO = stroke volume × HR — chapter gives SV ~70 mL, CO ~5 L/min
Excretory Products and their Elimination
Nitrogenous wastes (urea/uric acid/ammonia), nephron, GFR 125 mL/min, urine formation, urine pH 6.0, ADH, dialysis, urinalysis
2
activities
Urine pH and Conductivity
Measure urine pH and ionic content — chapter gives urine pH 6.0, discusses electrolyte balance and urinalysis
Effect of Exercise on Waste Products
CO₂ excretion increases during exercise — chapter states lungs remove ~200 mL CO₂/minute
Locomotion and Movement
Muscle structure (sarcomere, actin/myosin), sliding filament theory, Ca²⁺ role, lactic acid in fatigue, 206 bones, joint types
2
activities
Heart Rate and Exercise Physiology
Monitor heart rate during exercise — chapter discusses aerobic vs anaerobic muscle activity and lactic acid buildup
Breathing Rate During Exercise
Measure respiratory rate changes with exercise intensity — chapter discusses O₂ demand of red muscle fibres
Neural Control and Coordination
CNS/PNS, neuron structure, action potential (Na⁺/K⁺ pump), synaptic transmission, brain regions, reflex arc, sympathetic/parasympathetic
2
activities
Reaction Time (Biology with Vernier)
Neural response time measurement — chapter covers action potential conduction along axon
Heart Rate: Sympathetic vs Parasympathetic
Monitor HR changes with stress/relaxation — chapter discusses ANS regulation of heart rate and respiration
Chemical Coordination and Integration
Endocrine glands, hormones (GH, T3/T4, insulin/glucagon, adrenaline, ADH), feedback regulation, BMR, blood glucose, blood Ca²⁺
2
activities
Effect of Adrenaline on Heart Rate
Exercise simulates adrenaline response — chapter describes adrenaline increasing heartbeat, BP, respiration, blood glucose
Body Temperature Regulation
Monitor body temperature circadian rhythm — chapter discusses thyroid/hypothalamus BMR regulation and melatonin/pineal clock
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